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1990s

The 1990s refers to the time period between the beginning of 1990 and the end of 1999. The 1990s were marked by rapid progression of globalization following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War. Key forces shaping the decade were the recession of the '80s, and the advent of PCs in middle-class homes, resulting in the internet phenomenon. The Internet would go on to revolutionize modern culture, and has served as a major medium for the integration and the spread of popular culture; not only in America, but the entire world.

In the United States, Bill Clinton was president for much of the decade. Under Clinton, the United States was involved in few foreign wars and saw a resurgence of liberal movements, as well as a nearly uninterrupted period of rapid economic growth following the recession of the late 1980s. However, the end of the Cold War dramatically changed the political landscape of the world as the long-standing "Communism vs. Capitalism" conflict essentially came to an end. One result of this was the establishment of political allegiances between many developing countries, and concurrent changes within their own governments. Great strides were made towards Israeli-Palestinian peace in the early part of the decade, due to official PLO recognition of Israel in 1993. However, later in the decade, the peace process became derailed and eventually the conflict escalated once again, especially in the 2000s. Al Qaeda became visible as a terrorist threat against the U.S. after the bombing of the American embassies in Kenya and Tanzania in 1998.

Culturally, the 1990s are remembered for somewhat of a re-liberalization of pop culture and an increased awareness of social issues. TV sitcoms reached a peak in popularity, such as Seinfeld (1989–1998), Friends (1994–2004), Frasier (1993–2004), and the animated sitcom The Simpsons (1989–present). Animation also saw a revival in popularity, with more blockbuster Disneymovies garnering large audiences. Animation turned racier and more politically incorrect as the decade wore on, with shows such as South Park (1997–present) and Family Guy (1999–2002; 2005–present) emerging near the end of the decade. Grunge music, introduced quite early in the decade, most notably with Nirvana's album "Nevermind" taking hold of popular culture, along with other "grunge" bands who were the antithesis of the '80s glam-rock style.

Alongside the "grunge" movement were bands such as Boyz II Men, Tribe Called Quest, and the ubiquitous "boy bands" such as The Backstreet Boys.

HIV awareness reached across the world in this decade, and many new drugs were developed to fight the spread of the disease.

Many countries, institutions, companies, and organizations experienced the 1990s as a prosperous time. Despite the recession that affected much the world in late 1980s, high income economies such as the United States, Canada, Ireland, Australia, and South Korea experienced steady economic growth for much of the decade.

The United Kingdom, after a recession in 1991–92 and its withdrawal from the European Exchange Rate Mechanism on Black Wednesday, experienced sustained economic growth that stretched into the new millennium. Germany reunified on 3 October 1990 and, after integrating the economic structure and provincial governments, focused on modernization of the former communist East. People who were brought up in a communist culture became integrated with those living in democratic western Germany.

In Japan, after three decades of economic growth put them in third place in the world's economies, the situation worsened after 1993. The recession went on into the early 2000s, bringing an end to the seemingly unlimited prosperity that the country had hitherto enjoyed. However, the rise of free market economics in China under more socialist regulation had not slowed that country's economic prosperity in the 1990s, and its economic growth continues.

Less affluent nations such as India, Malaysia and Vietnam also saw tremendous improvements in economic prosperity and quality of life during the 1990s. Optimism and hopes were high following the collapse of Communism, and restructuring following the end of the Cold War was beginning. However, there was also the continuation of terrorism in Third World regions that were once the "frontlines" for American and Soviet foreign politics, particularly in Asia.

In many countries, political stability and decreased militarization due to the winding down of the Cold War led to economic development and higher standards of living for many citizens. These trends were also fueled by inexpensive fossil energy, with low petroleum prices caused by a glut of oil. Oil and gas were discovered in many countries in the former Soviet bloc, leading to economic growth and wider adoption of trade between nations, but the 15 new nations of the old USSR, plus Russia, struggled to adjust to the new economic reality. Consequently, the decade ended in a painful recession.

The widespread adoption of personal computers and the Internet increased economic productivity, while high levels of private investment in equity markets increased personal wealth among many Americans and Europeans. The economic gains of the 1990s were unevenly distributed throughout society, widening the gap between the wealthiest and poorest citizens in some countries; critics of capitalism contend that this should not have been allowed to happen to the extent that it did.

Politically, the 1990s was an era of spreading democracy. The former countries of the Warsaw Pact moved from totalitarian regimes to democratically-elected governments. The same happened in other non-communist countries, such as Taiwan, Chile, South Africa, and Indonesia. Capitalism made great changes to the economies of communist countries like China and Vietnam, and even Cuba where old-school leader Fidel Castro continued to blast American corruption.

The improvement in relations between the countries of NATO and the former members of the Warsaw Pact ended the Cold War both in Europe and other parts of the world. In 1993, the Prime Minister of Israel, Yitzhak Rabin, and PLO leader Yasser Arafat shook hands in agreement for peace, at the conclusion of peace talks sponsored by US president Bill Clinton. The outcome of these talks, known as the Oslo Accords, was an agreement by Israel to allow Palestinian self-government.

Despite economic prosperity and democracy, there were problems in the 1990s that became more visible after the decade ended. In Africa a rapid increase in incidence of AIDS contributed to falling life expectancy and zero or negative growth rates. In the states of the former Soviet Union GDP decreased as their economies restructured to produce goods they needed and some capital flight occurred. Financial crises in the developing world after 1994 (i.e. the Asian economic crises of 1997) began to undermine some support for a global economy.

Conflicts like the Balkan Wars, the Rwandan genocide, the Battle of Mogadishu in Somalia and the first Gulf War, as well as the continuation of terrorism, led some to hypothesize a Clash of Civilizations, but the decade was also a time of peace in terror-ridden Northern Ireland when the IRA agreed to a truce in 1994. This marked the beginning of the end of 25 years of violence between the two sectarian groups, Protestant and Catholic, and the start of political negotiations.

Racial tensions, exacerbated by immigration and issues around multiculturalism, manifested in western Europe. In the United States the issue of race relations, brought into the public consciousness by the 1992 Los Angeles riots, the O.J. Simpson Murder Case in 1994–95, and the Million Man March in 1995, served to make Americans more concerned about racial equality than at any time since the 1960s.

Youth culture in the 1990s was characterized by environmentalism and entrepreneurship. Fashions were often individualistic, tattoos and body piercing gained popularity, and "retro" styles inspired by fashions of the 1960s and 1970s were also prevalent. Some young people became increasingly involved in outdoor activities that combined embracing athletics with the appreciation of nature (such as kayaking, rock climbing and snowboarding).

Technology

Some technologies invented and and improved during the 1990s:

• The World Wide Web and HTML are created by Tim Berners-Lee.
• The Pentium processor is developed by Intel.
• Microsoft introduces Windows 95 and later Windows 98 to the market, which gain immediate popularity.
• Explosive growth of the Internet, perhaps caused by a decrease in the cost of computers and other technology.
• Advancements in computer modems, ISDN, cable modems and DSL lead to faster connection to the Internet.
• The development of Web browsers such as Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer makes surfing the World Wide Web easier and more user friendly.
• The Java programming language is developed by Sun Microsystems.
• Businesses start to build E-commerce websites; E-commerce-only companies such as Amazon.com, eBay, AOL, and Yahoo! grow rapidly.
• Pagers are popular but ultimately are replaced by Cell phones.
• Cell phones become cheaper and reduce in size, but remain status symbols until they become common in the 2000s.
• E-mail becomes popular; as a result Microsoft acquires the popular Hotmail.com webmail service.
• The Year 2000 problem (commonly known as Y2K), the computer glitch disaster expected to happen on January 1, 2000.
• Microsoft Windows operating systems become virtually ubiquitous on IBM PCs.
• Development of the free Linux kernel is started.
• CD burner drives are introduced.
• The DVD media format is developed and popularized.

World-changing events

Significant events that occurred around 1990 which would influence the course of history and character of the decade, include:

• The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in August 2 1990.
• The Moscow Coup and subsequent break-up of the Soviet Union in December 21 1991.

Significant events that marked the passing of the decade include:

• The appointment of Vladimir Putin as President of the Russian Federation in January 1 2000.
• World-wide New Year's Eve celebrations on December 31 1999.
• Worldwide concern about possible widespread computer malfunctions resulting from the Year 2000 problem.
• The 2000 Presidential Election in the United States of America, in which two-term Democrat Bill Clinton was succeeded by two-term Republican George W. Bush in a close and election clouded by controversies.

Science

• Physicists discover string theory and M-theory.
• Detection of intraasolar planets orbiting stars other than the sun.
• Dolly the sheep is cloned.
• Human Genome Project begins.
• DNA identification of individuals finds wide application in criminal law.
• Hubble Space Telescope launched in 1990; revolutionizes astronomy.
• Protease inhibitors introduced allowing HAART therapy against HIV; drastically reduces AIDS mortality.
• NASA's spacecraft Pathfinder lands on Mars and deploys a small roving vehicle, Sojourner, which analyzes the planet's geology and atmosphere.
• The Hale-Bopp comet swings past the sun for the first time in 4,200 years in April 1997.
• Development of biodegradable products, replacing products made from Styrofoam; advances in methods for recycling of waste products (such as paper, glass, aluminum).
• Genetically engineered crops are developed for commercial use.
• Discovery of dark matter, dark energy, brown dwarfs, and first confirmation of black holes.
• The Galileo probe orbits Jupiter, studying the planet and its moons extensively.
• The Global Positioning System (GPS) becomes fully operational.
• Proof of Fermat's last theorem is discovered by Andrew Wiles.

War, peace, and politics

• Reunification of Germany on October 3 1990.
• The European Community becomes the European Union on January 1, 1993
• End of apartheid in South Africa (1994) and election of ANC government of Nelson Mandela.
• Gulf War (resulting from Iraq's invasion of Kuwait) and United Nations embargo on Iraq in 1991.
• North Yemen and South Yemen merge to form Yemen (1991).
• Break up of the Soviet Union in 1991 — the end of the Cold War, United States becomes sole world superpower. The Cold War was officially declared over on December 31, 1992.
• The bombing of the World Trade Center in U.S. (1993) by an explosive-filled van leads to awareness in U.S. of international terrorism as a rising threat.
• Dissolution of Czechoslovakia into Czech Republic and Slovakia (1993).
• Eritrea gains independence from Ethiopia (1993).
• Israeli Prime Minister Itzhak Rabin and Palestinian Prime Minister Yasser Arafat agree to the Peace Process at the culmination of the Oslo Accords, negotiated by the United States President Bill Clinton on September 13, 1993.
• Military actions in Somalia in 1993 lead to questions of the United States' role as a police officer of the world. (See also, Black Hawk Down).
• Rwandan genocide kills one million people, in 1994.
• The birth of the "Second Republic" in Italy, with the Mani Pulite investigations of 1994.
• In 1994, a peace treaty is signed between Israel and Jordan.
• In the UK in 1994, Tony Blair becomes leader of the British Labour Party and begins the "New Labour" project moving the party to the centre of British politics, which in 1997 ends 18 years of government by the Conservative party in a landslide election victory.
• The First Chechen War war 1994–1996; Second Chechen War started in 1999, and is ongoing.
• Peace process begins in Northern Ireland in 1995.
• Balkan war in former Yugoslavia in 1995.
• Quebec, Canada in a rekindled wave of separatism by French-Canadian activists, almost seceded from the dominion in a provincial referendum on October 30, 1995.
• A decade of women presidents in the Republic of Ireland.
• Great Britain hands sovereignty of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China on July 1, 1997.
• U.S. Congressman Newt Gingrich crafts his manifesto "Contract with America", leading his Republican Party to become the controlling majority in the U.S. House of Representatives.
• U.S. president Bill Clinton's sex scandal with Monica Lewinsky and his impeachment trial in 1998, which lasts the entire year.
• Anti-globalization protests.
• The Tibetan Freedom Concert brings 120,000 people together in the interest of increased human rights and autonomy for Tibet from China.
• The Second Congo War started in 1998 in central Africa and includes 5 different cultures and 7 different nations. It goes on until 2002.
• In May 1999, Pakistan sends troops covertly to occupy strategic peaks in Kashmir. A month later the Kargil War with India results in a political fiasco for Nawaz Sharif, followed by a military withdrawal to the Line of Control. The incident leads to a military coup in October in which the Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif is ousted by Army Chief Pervez Musharraf.
• Kosovo war begins in late1998. Roughly 12,000 people are killed during open hostilities between Serbian military forces and ethnic Albanian forces. The UN sends in peace keeping forces after NATO military actions result in a Serbian military withdrawal by early 1999. The US deploys American police officers to serve with the United Nations to help build a Kosovo police force.
• Portugal hands sovereignty of Macau to the People's Republic of China on December 20, 1999.
• East Timor breaks away from Indonesian control in 1999, merely a year after the fall of Soeharto from power, ending a twenty-four year guerilla war with more than 200,000 casualties. The UN deploys a peace keeping force, spearheaded by the Australian and New Zealand armed forces. America deploys US police officers to serve with the International Police element, to help train and equip an East Timorese police force.
• Civil Unions for gay partners legalised in some European countries (Denmark, Netherlands, Norway and Sweden).

Economics

• US economy ends the decade with a 4% unemployment rate, personal incomes doubled from the recession in 1990, overall higher productivity. After the 1996 Welfare Reform act there was a great reduction of poverty rates, and the Wall Street stock exchange stayed over the 10,000 mark from 1999 to 2001.
• After 1992 the booming of the US stock market, in reference to which Alan Greenspan coined the memorable phrase "irrational exuberance", eventually merged into the dot-com boom / dot-com bubble (2000–2001).
• GATT update and creation of the World Trade Organization and other global economic institutions, but opposition by anti-globalization activists showed up in nearly every GATT summit, like the violent street demonstrations in Seattle in December 1999.
• With the creation of the E.U. there is free movement of labour between member states, such as the 1992 and 1995 free trade agreements. The EU agreed to have a single currency, and the Euro began circulation in March 1999 in 15 member states.
• The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which phases out trade barriers between the United States, Mexico and Canada is signed into law by U.S. President Bill Clinton.
• From 1990 until 1998 inclusive, the economy of Russia and some former USSR states was in a severe depression. Eastern European economies struggled after the fall of communism, but Poland, Hungary, Estonia and Lithuania saw healthy economic growth rates in the late 1990s.
• Except for Great Britain, much of Europe had serious economic problems, such as the massive 1995 general strikes in France during its worst recession since World War II. The French economy mildly rebounds at the end of the decade.
• Democracy, economic reform and peace arrive in Latin America, while the sluggish economies of Brazil, by a new emphasis on free markets for all their citizens, and Mexico, under economist president Ernesto Zedillo elected in 1994, were their best shape by the late 1990s.
• Financial crisis hits East and Southeast Asia in 1997 and 1998 after a long period of phenomenal economic development. Japan was heavily affected, so was Indonesia when the 30-year rule of dictator Suharto ended in his resignation after widespread protests in May 1998. See East Asian Tigers.

Culture

• Media consolidation leads to increased segmentation in styles of music.
• 24-hour CNN coverage (Wolf Blitzer) during the Gulf War leads to increased awareness and coverage of world events and knock-off Infotainment shows such as A Current Affair and Geraldo Rivera-style journalism.
• Hip-hop culture booms; by the end of the decade hip hop was as popular as rock and roll.
• Grunge culture sparks as hair metal dies off in late1991 and 1992, allowing heavy metal to return to prominence when the popular groove metal group Pantera hits number 1 on the Billboard Top 200 Album Chart with their third album Far Beyond Driven. The grunger subculture associated with grunge becomes very prominent in this decade. Due to grunge's huge success, Kurt Cobain and Eddie Vedder become the spokesmodels of Generation X.
• Tupac Shakur of Death Row Records and The Notorious BIG of Bad Boy Records, wage a cultural war in the hip hop music scene, leading to the murder of both Shakur in 1996 and BIG in 1997.
• National conservative political commentators such as Rush Limbaugh, G. Gordon Liddy emerge on United States AM Radio, influencing the 1994 Contract for America and criticism of Bill Clinton
• Electronic Music is hugely popular on Top 40 radio from 1990 up to 1996 or 1997. Popular artists include The Prodigy, Eiffel 65 and Fatboy Slim.
• Alternative rock replaces Grunge around 1995. Nu-metal, a genre popularized by the 1994 self-titled album by Korn, becomes a major genre of rock around the year 1997 along with post-grunge and alternative rock.
• Indie/hipster culture appears during the mid-1990s. Emo and scene culture flourishes in the late 1990s, most likely around the later part of 1998.
• Teen pop makes a comeback in the late 1990s, starting in the year 1997 with artists such as the Spice Girls, Hanson, Aqua, Backstreet Boys, Christina Aguilera, Britney Spears, N'SYNC and many more.
• Christian music peaks in the mid to late 1990s.
• R&B Music such as Quiet Storm and hip-hop influenced R&B are big in the 1990s.
• The introduction of affordable, smaller satellite dishes in the mid-1990s to expand cable services had carried up to 500 television channels.

Trends/various

• Following the 1980s media counter-culture lead by tabloid talk shows popularized by Oprah Winfrey in 1986, which provided high-impact media visibility for gays, bisexuals, transsexuals, and transgender people [1] the 1990s saw a further increase in gay visibility in the mainstream media and the introduction of outing. In 1990, the World Health Organization removed homosexuality from its list of diseases. US TV shows like Will and Grace, Friends, Thirtysomething, My So-Called Life, Roseanne, Dawson's Creek, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, and Ellen featured gay characters. Movies like The Birdcage, In and Out and Kiss Me Guido saw mainstream success, and celebrities like k.d. lang, Rob Halford, Elton John, Melissa Etheridge, Amanda Bearse and George Michael all spoke openly about their sexuality. U.S. President Bill Clinton generally held a pro-gay rights viewpoint.
• The 500th anniversary of Christopher Columbus' discovery of America in 1992 was popularly observed, despite controversy and protests against Columbus' expeditions victimization of Native Americans. The holiday was labelled as racist, in view of Native American experiences of colonialism, slavery, genocide and cultural destruction.
• Douglas Coupland publishes the novel Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture, popularizing the term Generation X as the name of the generation born in the late1960s and early1970s (then college-age).
• The Grunge trend explodes due to the success of grunge bands such as Alice in Chains, Nirvana, Pearl Jam and Soundgarden. It is characterized by wearing flannel shirts, torn jeans, Doc Martens, Converse high top sneakers and long, straight hair. The fashion hits an ironic point in 1993, when the flannel clothing these bands wore (because it was cheap and warm and most of these musicians were very poor) became high fashion accessories.
• Reality television explodes on MTV with the popularity of The Real World (1992–); along with Road Rules (1995–), Real World/Road Rules Challenge (1998), and Real World reunions, these shows remained popular throughout the 1990s. Reality would become a staple of main networks in the early part of the 2000s.
• Blood and gore in television and video games rises dramatically, along with language and sexual content, especially during the latter half of the decade; a Parental Ratings system for television is introduced in 1997 because of related complaints.
• Video games become more advanced and popular. Rivals Nintendo and Sega dominate the early 1990s. The Sony PlayStation and Nintendo 64 would later dominate the late1990s and remain popular beyond 1999. Sega's Dreamcast (1998) marked the end of Sega's role in the console market. Simulation and God games rise in popularity in the late 1990s, with games such as SimCity 2000 and SimCity 3000.
• Body art, in the form of body piercing and tattoos becomes commonplace for young people. This trend continues into the 2000s.
• Extreme sports reached a new height in popularity, and by 1995, were given their own annual tournament on US cable network ESPN, the X-Games.
• Recreational outdoor sports such as rock climbing, mountain biking, sky diving, snowboarding, mountain climbing, bungee jumping, in-line skating, kayaking and rowing become hugely popular.
• Extended alcohol sales are implemented in the US to reduce alcohol abuse.
• The exploitation of the collectability of comic books results in a trend of "gimmick" packaging and storylines (most notably The Death of Superman). The comic book industry collapses as interest in print comics decreases among younger generations and casual readers. Comic books disappear as a familiar sight at the newsstands. As comics, including Japanese manga and other graphic novels become more available in bookstore chains, the role of the comic book store as a source for comics and social gathering wanes. The domination by industry giants Marvel Comics and DC Comics ends as various independents, such as Image Comics produce popular titles. The era of comic book collecting for speculative investment ends. Webcomics by amateur cartoonists become popular.
• Conversion to Block scheduling became a trendy initiative for United States schools.
• Major 1990s slang words/phrases, mostly related to hip hop culture, include: "dawg" "homie", "phat", "da bomb", "tight", "word to your mother", "Talk to the hand [because the face ain't listening]", "it's goin down", "You go girl!", "yo", "whatever!".
• Young adult and teenage fiction books become popular due to the efforts of R.L. Stine and Christopher Pike throughout the entire 1990s.
• Dogma 95 becomes an important European artistic film movement by the end of the decade.
• Eurodance music dominates discotheques and has numerous major mainstream hits in European (and to a lesser extent, North American) music charts.
• Mainstream "Techno", as it is dubbed by the media, became hugely popular in Europe and the U.S. From the early raves of 1990 to about 1996, electronic music gradually gained widespread recognition as a new genre in its own right. This trend reached a head in the latter part of the decade as underground parties were largely replaced by massive commercially sponsored parties, and as music media such as MTV began coverage of it.

Music

• Rock and roll becomes an alternative taste, although it still outsells hip hop at the beginning of the decade. Hip hop took over for the remainder of the decade. Popular styles include Grunge (Nirvana, The Smashing Pumpkins, Stone Temple Pilots, Pearl Jam, Alice in Chains, Soundgarden), Post-Grunge (Collective Soul, Third Eye Blind, Everclear, Creed, Bush), Heavy Metal and Alternative Metal (Nine Inch Nails, Marilyn Manson, Metallica, Pantera, Tool), Black Metal gained a large number of fans in Northern Europe, Britpop and British Rock (Oasis, Blur, Suede, Pulp, Radiohead, The Verve, Travis), Pop-Punk (Green Day, Offspring, Rancid, Blink-182), Third Wave Ska (No Doubt, Sublime, Reel Big Fish, Mighty Mighty Bosstones), indie rock (Sonic Youth, Fugazi, Pavement, Neutral Milk Hotel, The Flaming Lips, Modest Mouse), jam bands (Dave Matthews Band, Phish), and Nu Metal (Korn, Limp Bizkit) towards the end of the decade. Singer-songwriters include Alanis Morissette, Beck, Elliott Smith, Jeff Buckley, and Jewel.

• Hip hop music diversifies throughout the decade and experiences numerous trends, beginning with the commercial success of pop rappers MC Hammer, Tone Loc, Young MC, Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch and Vanilla Ice. Other major developments include the proliferation of alternative/jazz rap (De La Soul, Beastie Boys, Arrested Development, Digable Planets, Native Tongues, and A Tribe Called Quest) and the West Coast G-Funk/Gangsta Rap phenomena ( Bone Thugs-N-Harmony,Cypress Hill, Dr. Dre,NWA,Snoop Doggy Dogg, Warren G, Coolio, and Tupac Shakur), followed by the resurgence of the New York hip hop scene (The Wu Tang Clan, Boot Camp Clik, Nas, Mobb Deep, and The Notorious B.I.G.), and pop rap (Puff Daddy, Will Smith, and Jay-Z).

• Smoothly produced Teen pop held over from the late 1980s into 1991, returns with the Spice Girls and Take That in Britain and the Backstreet Boys in America beginning in 1997, ultimately leading to stars like Britney Spears, *NSYNC and Christina Aguilera, while Madonna continues to have success with her influential Dance-pop. Michael Jackson continues making arresting music and finds international popularity growing. "Black Or White" released in 1991, becomes a huge global hit, remaining at #1 in the US charts for 7 weeks.

• American Club/Dance music is very popular from 1990 to 1996, with acts like C&C Music Factory, Ce Ce Penniston, Crystal Waters, RuPaul, Black Box, & Dee-Lite. Similarly, Eurodance gains popularity in the United States, with many Eurodance artists scoring club hits on the Rhythmic Top 40 and Billboard Hot 100 radio. These artists include Technotronic, Corona, Cappella, N-Trance, Culture Beat,Reel 2 Real, Capital Sound, Jam & Spoon, E-Type, Maxx, La Bouche, Indra, Le Click, Pharao, Real McCoy, Ice MC,Me & My, JK, Cappella, 2 Unlimited, Dr. Alban, Masterboy, Basic Element, AB Logic, Fun Factory, Mr. President, Shaman and Snap.

• R&B Music such as Quiet Storm is popular with artists such as such Babyface, Tevin Campbell, Brian McKnight, Monica, Brandy, and Faith Evans. R&B girl groups such as TLC, Destiny's Child, SWV, and En Vogue are hugely popular as well. In addition, Aaliyah, Lauryn Hill, and Mary J. Blige combine hip hop with R&B in the 1990s (see hip hop soul. Artists such as Toni Braxton, Whitney Houston, and Mariah Carey appeal to the Top 40 crowd with their ballad songs in the early to mid-1990s. R&B Boy Bands are big throughout the 1990s such as Jodeci, Dru Hill, Blackstreet, 112 and especially Boyz II Men who appealed to the Top 40 crowd are popular as well.

• Music festivals such as Lollapalooza or Woodstock became popular; a fusing of genres from alternative rock, rap, punk rock and garage bands.

• Latin music becomes popular outside a Spanish-speaking audience with crossover hits by Ricky Martin, Jennifer Lopez, the hit dance song Macarena and others. As Hispanic culture grows in the US, other Latin music genres took root, like Tejano music in the Southwest US is a mixed music genre: accordion based Mexican conjunto, Texan country, and modern pop merged to produce a new sound.

• Music becomes more profane, by end of decade a Parental Advisory sticker becomes acceptable rather than controversial.

• In America, country music becomes more mainstream with popular chart topping artist such as Garth Brooks, Shania Twain, LeAnn Rimes, Billy Ray Cyrus, Faith Hill, and Tim McGraw. The genre will also build up a more extensive audience world-wide, which sees the first English 24 hour terrestrial country station open in 1994.

• Popular hard rock bands maintain a strong presence into the 1990s. Guns N' Roses, Def Leppard, Ozzy Osbourne, and Van Halen were all still quite popular through the mid-1990s. Aerosmith and Bon Jovi's popularity and success spanned the entire decade and both were extremely popular at the turn of the new millennium.

• Music resumes its political content after the hiatus of the 1980s. Starting in 1996, the Tibetan Freedom Concert draws up to 120,000 people per year to a rock festival for the benefit of the cause of the International Tibet Independence Movement. Also, socially aware metal bands such as Rage Against the Machine and System of a Down form.

• Electronic music becomes widely recognized at rave parties in Europe/USA and, later in the decade, in popular culture. The drug methylenedioxymethamphetamine, (also called Ecstasy or MDMA) is popularized by the burgeoning rave culture. Electronic music is highly popularized in mainstream culture later in the decade by The Prodigy, among other artists of the big beat genre.

• 1980s backlash, beginning in about 1994 and lasting into the mid-1990s. During most of the 1990s, anything "Eighties" was considered to be ultimately uncool. As a result, people start wearing straighter hair, darker clothes and acoustic music becomes popular in opposition to the bright synthpop of the 1980s.

Television

• North America

• • Seinfeld becomes enormously popular in the United States, lasting from 1989 to 1998 and spawning a new sitcom subgenre.
  • The Simpsons (1989–) becomes popular with adult audiences, eventually paving the way for many adult-oriented animated television shows throughout the next 10 years, including South Park and Family Guy.
  • Professional wrestling became popular throughout the 1990s. In the late 1990s, the Monday Night Wars was the biggest impact for professional wrestling with the World Wrestling Federation (present day World Wrestling Entertainment), World Championship Wrestling, and Extreme Championship Wrestling. By the early 2000s, the WWF came out of the wars victorious over both WCW and ECW.
  • 20th Century Fox and BBC collaborate to produce the 1996 television movie of the science fiction series Doctor Who, starring Paul McGann as the Doctor.
  • NASCAR Racing starts to become popular on US TV in the mid to late 1990s. Popular NASCAR drivers during this era are the late Dale Earnhardt, Rusty Wallace, Jeff Gordon, Mark Martin, Dale Jarrett, and Bobby Labonte.
  • Pro Basketball sees high US TV ratings in the 1990s with stars like Larry Bird, Magic Johnson, Michael Jordan, Karl Malone, Shawn Kemp, Reggie Miller, David Robinson, Penny Hardaway and Patrick Ewing.
  • US Saturday morning children's television programming, Like Fox Kids, reaches its peak popularity in the early to early and mid 1990s considered by some to be a "renaissance" in American animation. Everything from Animaniacs, Garfield and Friends, Eek! The Cat, Spider-Man, The Tick, Donkey Kong Country (TV series) and Tiny Toons, to television adaptations of popular video game characters Super Mario and Sonic the Hedgehog.
  • The Disney experiences an animation renaissance with the popularity of The Disney Afternoon shows in the early and-mid-1990s, such as DuckTales, Darkwing Duck, Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers, TaleSpin and Goof Troop.
  • Nickelodeon gains popularity with the Nicktoons block of shows, such as Doug, Rugrats, The Ren and Stimpy Show, Rocko's Modern Life, AAAHH!!! Real Monsters and Hey Arnold!.
  • Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, originally from the 1980s, remain popular in the early and-mid-1990s.
  • Mighty Morphin' Power Rangers gains popularity with children in the mid 1990s, leading to the entire Power Rangers series.
  • Anime becomes popular in the United States in the late 1990s with shows like Sailor Moon, Samurai Pizza Cats, Pokémon, Dragonball Z, and Cowboy Bebop.
  • MTV moves away from music videos and into original television shows such as The Real World, which is often cited as the main inspiration for the Reality TV boom of the 2000s.
  • Cartoons aimed at an adult audience become popular. Among the most successful are The Simpsons (1989–), The Ren and Stimpy Show (1991–1996), Beavis and Butt-head (1993–1997), Daria (1997–2002), South Park (1997–), King of the Hill (1997–), and Family Guy (1999–2002, 2005–).
  • US Television networks increase programs aimed at twenty- and thirty-somethings. Some of the most popular are Roseanne (1988–1997), Seinfeld (1989–1998), Beverly Hills 90210 (1990–2000), Melrose Place (1992–1999), Friends (1994–2004), Party of Five (1994–2000), and Ally McBeal (1997–2002). ** Television shows involving human interaction with dangerous wildlife become popular. Most notably shows like The Crocodile Hunter, a popular series starring Steve Irwin, which began airing in 1996. The Crocodile Hunter, and other similar shows (many of which involved Steve Irwin) remained popular into the 2000s.
  • Notable American television sitcoms aimed at the teen/preteen market include Full House (1987–1995), Family Matters (1989–1998), Blossom (1991–1995), Boy Meets World (1993–2000), and 3rd Rock from the Sun (1996–2001),Smart Guy (1997–1999), Sister Sister (1994–1999), among others.
  • The sci–fi/fantasy TV genre saw three successful Star Trek spinoffs: The Next Generation (1987–1994), Deep Space Nine (1993–1999), and Voyager (1995–2001). It also featured other massively popular shows, such as The X-Files (1993–2002); Stargate SG-1 (1997–); Sliders (1995–2000); Hercules: The Legendary Journeys (1993–1999); and Xena: Warrior Princess (1995–2001), the spinoff of Hercules that went on to drastically dwarf its predecessor in popularity, notoriety, controversy, and overall viewership. Another notable series in the fantasy genre was Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1997–2003) which never had very high ratings but quickly received a cult following as well critical acclaim. It inspired many other series with the superhero/struggle of real life theme, such as Charmed (1998–2006) and Buffy's spin-off Angel (1999–2004).
  • The Disney Channel changes from classic Disney programming to live action programming starting in the late 1990s, especially around they year 1998. No longer a pay-subscription channel in 1996, the channel expanded their young audience on basic cable. See Zoog Disney. By 1999, the "MTV-esque" Zoog Disney along with Playhouse Disney was the main focus of the Disney Channel, causing classic Disney shorts and shows such as the Nutty Professor to experience backlash.
  • Cartoon Network starts showing more original programming in a form of Cartoon Cartoons that almost changed the face of the network by 1999.
  • On May 22, 1992, after 30 years, Johnny Carson retired as host of the Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson on NBC, with Jay Leno taking over as host on May 25. The choice of Leno over Late Night host and Carson protege David Letterman is instrumental in Letterman signing a deal with CBS in January 1993. Letterman aired his final NBC show on June 25, 1993 and the Late Show with David Letterman premiered on August 30, 1993.
  • The highest-rated shows on network television:
    • 1989–1990: The Cosby Show and Roseanne
    • 1990–1991: Cheers
    • 1991–1992: 60 Minutes
    • 1992–1993: 60 Minutes
    • 1993–1994: 60 Minutes
    • 1994–1995: Seinfeld
    • 1995–1996: ER
    • 1996–1997: ER
    • 1997–1998: Seinfeld
    • 1998–1999: ER
    • 1999–2000: Who Wants to Be a Millionaire

• Europe
  • New private channels in Germany: RTL, SAT1, Pro7, VOX, VIVA, and in France: Canal Plus.
  • BSkyB obtain the rights to the English FA Premier League in 1992, producing high revenues for the league and becoming the bedrock of the subscription television service, holding a monopoly on the rights until 2007.
  • British public service television channel Channel 4 is granted independence from the Independent Broadcasting Authority, and begins showing US programmes such as Friends and ER in peak viewing time.
  • UK television — Popular comedies include The Fast Show, Jeeves and Wooster, One Foot in the Grave, Only Fools and Horses and Father Ted. ITV has a string of successful crime dramas including Cadfael, Prime Suspect, Inspector Morse and Cracker.
  • Eastern European television enjoys less government restrictions and carries more American programming.

• Middle East
  • Al Jazeera begins broadcasting in 1996, subsidised by a grant from the emir of Qatar and expanded their programming range across the Arabic-speaking world.

Computer and video games

• 3-D graphics become the standard by end of decade. Although FPSs had long since seen the transition to full 3D, other genres begin to copy this trend by the end of the decade.
• The console wars, primarily between Sega (Sega Mega Drive (marketed as the Sega Genesis in North America), introduced in 1988) and Nintendo (Super NES, introduced in 1990), sees the entrance of Sony with the PlayStation in 1994, which becomes the first successful CD-based console (as opposed to cartridges). By the end of the decade, Sega's hold on the market becomes tenuous after the commercial failures of the Saturn in 1994 and the Dreamcast in 2001.
• Mario finds a rival in Sonic the Hedgehog with the release of the original game on the Genesis in 1991.
• Nintendo released the first 3-D styled video game Donkey Kong Country for the SNES in 1994, and three sequels to further advance video game design.
• Arcade games rapidly decrease in popularity.
• Fighting games like Capcom's Street Fighter II, Sega's futuristic Virtua Fighter and the more violent Mortal Kombat from Acclaim prompted the video game industry to adopt a game rating system, and hundreds of knock-offs are widely popular in mid-to-late1990s.
• Sony's PlayStation becomes the top selling game console and changes the standard media storage type from cartridges to compact discs in consoles.
• Doom (1993) bursts onto the world scene and instantly popularizes the FPS genre, and even how games are played, as Doom is among the first games to feature multiplayer capabilities. It is not until Quake (1996), however, that game developers begin to take multiplayer features into serious consideration when making games. Half-Life (1998) features the next evolutionary step in the genre with continual progression of the game (no levels in the traditional sense) and an entirely in-person view, and becomes one of the most popular computer games in history.
• The strategy genre becomes popular with games such as Dune II (1992) and Warcraft: Orcs & Humans (1994). Command & Conquer (1995) and Warcraft II: Tides of Darkness (1995) further advance and popularize the genre. StarCraft (1998) becomes the second-best selling game in computer game history.
• Final Fantasy anthology first debuted in 1990 for the NES, and remains among the most popular video game franchises, with 12 total sequels to date, with another in development, plus numerous spin-offs and related titles.
• Massively Multiplayer Online Role-playing games (MMORPGs) see their entrance into the computer game world with Ultima Online in 1997, although they don't gain widespread popularity until EverQuest and Asheron's Call in 1999. MMORPGs go on to become among the most popular genres in the 2000s.
• Pokémon entered the world scene with the release of the original Game Boy Pokemon Red and Pokemon Blue games in Japan in 1996. It soon becomes popular in the U.S. and is adapted into a popular children's anime series and trading card game, among other media forms. Its popularity reaches its peak near the end of the decade, but rapidly declines early on in the 2000s, although it still retains a large cult following.

Popular video games of the 1990s

1990

• Super Mario Bros. 3
• Final Fantasy
• Wing Commander I
• Commander Keen

1991

• Civilization
• Sonic the Hedgehog
• Street Fighter II
• Super Mario World
• Final Fantasy IV/II
• Duke Nukum

1992

• Mortal Kombat
• Dune II
• Ultima VII: The Black Gate
• Virtua Racing
• The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past
• Kirby's Dream Land
• Wolfenstein 3D
• Super Mario Kart
• Sonic the Hedgehog 2

1993

• Star Wars: X-Wing
• Virtua Fighter
• Star Fox
• Kirby's Adventure
• The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening
• Secret of Mana
• Myst
• Doom
• Mega Man X

1994

• Sonic the Hedgehog 3
• Star Wars: TIE Fighter
• Warcraft: Orcs & Humans
• Super Metroid
• Final Fantasy VI/III
• Donkey Kong Country
• Sonic & Knuckles

1995

• Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island
• Star Wars: Dark Forces
• Descent
• Chrono Trigger
• Command & Conquer
• Tekken
• Warcraft II: Tides of Darkness

1996

• Duke Nukem 3D
• Resident Evil
• Quake
• Super Mario 64
• Command & Conquer: Red Alert
• Tomb Raider
• Super Mario RPG
• Diablo

1997

• Mario Kart 64
• Diddy Kong Racing
• Star Fox 64
• GoldenEye 007
• Final Fantasy VII
• Fallout
• Total Annihilation
• Star Wars Jedi Knight: Dark Forces II
• Age of Empires
• Quake II

1998

• StarCraft
• Unreal
• Final Fantasy Tactics
• ''Pokémon Red'' and ''Blue''
• Metal Gear Solid
• Parasite Eve
• Xenogears
• Half-Life
• The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time

1999

• EverQuest
• Super Smash Bros.
• Homeworld
• Final Fantasy VIII
• Tony Hawk's Pro Skater
• Soul Calibur
• Age of Empires II: The Age of Kings
• Unreal Tournament
• Quake III Arena
• Command & Conquer: Tiberian Sun

Internet

• Beginnings of MP3 music downloading; in 1999 and 2000 the Napster controversy.
• The first MP3 Player, the MPMan, is released in late spring of 1998. It came with 32Mb of flash memory expandable to 64Mb.
• The Internet begins to affect pop culture, beginning around 1996.
• Most television stations establish an Internet presence during the later half of the decade.
• Earliest examples of Internet film.
• Bulletin Board System interest decreases heavily with introduction of the Web.
• Pornography on the Internet launches and peaks in the late 1990s.
• A concept of online social ettiquette, "Netiquette" begins to form in 1995.
• Online chat debuts in the mid 1990s, along with social networking and teen community sites such as Classmates.comand Xanga in the late 1990s.

Significant events

• The Oklahoma City Bombing, the bombing of a federal building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, killing 168. Bombing suspect Timothy McVeigh claimed he bombed the building in retaliation for the 1993 Waco massacre.
• The Waco massacre prompts a nationwide debate in the U.S. about the freedom of association right of the Michigan Militia, Montana Militia and other radical groups.
• The 1992 Los Angeles riots, with 52 deaths and 5,500 property fires in a 100-square mile riot zone. The riots are a result of the state court acquittal of three White and one Hispanic L.A. police officers by an all-white jury in a police brutality case involving motorist Rodney King, but in 1993, all four officers were convicted in a federal civil rights case.
• O.J. Simpson's trial, described in the media as the "trial of the century", but on October 3, 1995, Simpson was found "not guilty" of double-murder of ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend, Ronald Goldman. In the 1997 civil case, Simpson was held responsible and had to pay financial damages to the victims' families.
• 1994 midterm election: The Republican Party took control of the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate for the first time ine 40 years. House Speaker Newt Gingrich assumes the role of antagonist to the Clinton Administration.
• US president Bill Clinton caught in a media-frenzied sex scandal over his intern Monica Lewinski, first announced on January 21, 1998. After US government attempts to impeach Clinton for perjury under oath, brought by federal prosecutor Ken Starr, all charges overturned on December 21, 1998 and the case was formally dropped, February 12, 1999, and Clinton finished his second term. At the time, he received a 70% Gallup poll approval rating.
• The Columbine school shooting in April 20, 1999, at Littleton, Colorado when two student gunmen took the Columbine high school library hostage and killed 12 students, a teacher and the two committed suicide.
• The Anita Hill vs. Clarence Thomas federal case of October 10–October 12, 1991, involved claims by Hill that Thomas committed sexual harassment against her. Thomas was not charged, but Hill became a national celebrity and a martyr to women's rights, triggering awareness on the issue of workplace sexual harassment. Thomas went on to become an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court.
• The first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep was confirmed by the Roslin Institute, and was reported by global media on February 26, 1997. Dolly would trigger a raging controversy on cloning and bioethical concerns regarding possible human cloning continue to this day.
• Y2K spreads fear throughout the United States and eventually the world in the last half of the decade particularly 1999. Many feared that it would cause the world to end on new years day on January 1, 2000 due to a massive computer crash. It became huge in popular culture and many people stocked up on supplies for fear of a disaster. One year later, January 1, 2001 was the beginning of the 3rd millennium, as well the 21st century and the official end of the 20th century.

Other significant events

• The illegal immigration issue in the US gains momentum in 1994, when California voters approved Proposition 187, a controversial initiative that would prevent undocumented immigrants from using public services, later was blocked by federal courts.
• Gun politics in the US over the 1993 Brady Bill had banned or regulated most kinds of automatic weapons and semi-automatic weapons. The law called for a 5-day waiting period for potential gun-owners to be checked for past crimes before they can purchase a firearm.
• You go, girl! becomes a popular phrase in the media as feminism is more widely accepted and publicised with The Spice Girls, the WNBA, women's boxing, Sex and the City and others showcasing modern femininity and challenged the problem of sexism.
• With help from clinical fertility drugs, an Iowa mother, Bobbie McCaughey, gave birth to the first surviving septuplets in 1997. There followed a media frenzy and widespread support for the family.
• In August 1995, NASA scientists announced, then debunked a big "discovery" of "martian" microscopic life on an asteroid originated from Mars, found in Antarctica and examined to only find mineral formation, not alien bacteria.
• Kenny Everett dies shortly after confirming that he has AIDS.
• Freddie Mercury, Kurt Cobain and Tupac Shakur become the decade's most publicized deaths, in 1991, 1994 and 1996 respectively.
• Divorce and scandal rocked the British Royal House of Windsor.
• The assassination of Selena Quintanilla, Latin music star in Texas.
• Sex and violence in the media increase, especially in the late part of the decade. Profanity in music reaches peak in the late1990s.
• Models Pamela Anderson and Anna Nicole Smith become major sex symbols during the 1990s.
• Cindy Crawford becomes the most successful supermodel of the decade.
• The movie Titanic becomes a cultural phenomenon throughout the world and eventually becomes the biggest grossing movie of all time making almost 2 billion dollars world wide in a span of little over a year.
• Major League baseball players went on strike in August 12, 1994, thus ended the season, cancelled the World Series the first time in 90 years, and went on until March 29, 1995 when players and team owners in agreement.
• The Vieques controversy.
• Crime levels in the U.S. peak in 1991, begin to fall afterwards, reaching the lowest levels since the late1960s by end of decade.
• In the U.S. drug use reaches an all-time low in 1992 before increasing, reaching its peak in 1997 before declining again.
• Examples of the decade's worst natural disasters: Hurricane Andrew strikes South Florida in August 1992, the devastating 1994 Northridge Earthquake in Los Angeles, the Midwest US floods of 1993 along the Mississippi River and the blizzard-ice storm over eastern Canada in February 1998.
• People are evacuated from the volcanic Caribbean island of Montserrat, a British overseas territory. The Soufirre Hills erupt in 1995 and continued on until 2002.
• Mount Pinatubo, a dormant volcano in the island of Luzon in the Philippines erupted in 1991 to decimate nearby towns and an American air force base permanently abandoned by hot ashfall and under mudslides.
• In France, Princess Diana dies in a car accident in 1997. Debates of accident vs. assassination rage well into the 2000s.
• Mother Teresa, the Roman Catholic nun who won the Nobel Peace Prize, dies at age 87.
• 21-year-old Golfer Tiger Woods wins the Masters Tournament by a record 12 strokes; becoming both the youngest and the first American of multiracial descent to win the Masters.
• The Omagh bombing in Omagh, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland which kills 29 civilians and injures hundreds more.
• The Olympic Park Bombing on July 27, 1996 at that year's Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia which kills 2 and injures 111.
• School violence in the US is brought into the national spotlight with numerous incidents, such as the Columbine High School Massacre.
• John F. Kennedy, Jr., his wife Carolyn Bessette and sister-in-law Lauren Bessette are killed when Kennedy's private plane crashes off the coast of Martha's Vineyard.
• American cyclist Lance Armstrong wins his first Tour de France in 1999, less than two years after battling testicular cancer.
• Debate on assisted suicide highly publicized by Michigan doctor Jack Kevorkian, charged with multiple counts of homicide of his terminally ill patients through the decade.
• Seinfeld becomes highly popular.
• Beer keg registration becomes popular public policy in U.S.
• California voters passed Proposition 215 in 1996, to legalize cannabis only for medical purposes, the debate over legalization of marijuana in the U.S. goes on today.
• The Rachel, Jennifer Aniston's hairstyle on the hit show Friends, becomes a cultural phenomenon with million of women copying it worldwide.
• Controversy surrounded The Prodigy with the release of the track 'Smack My Bitch Up'. The National organization for Women(NOW) claimed that the track was "advocating violence against women" due to the lyrics of that song. The music video (directed by Jonas Åkerlund) featured a first-person POV of someone going clubbing, indulging in large amounts of drugs and alcohol, getting into fist fights with men, abusing women and picking up a prostitute. At the end of the video the camera pans over to a mirror, revealing the subject to be a woman.
• The model 1300 Wonderbra style has a resurgence of popularity in Europe in 1992 which kicks off a multinational media sensation, the 1994 re-introduction of "The Wonderbra" brand, and a spike in push-up, plunge bras around the world.

People

World leaders

• Prime Minister Bob Hawke (Australia)
• Prime Minister Paul Keating (Australia)
• Prime Minister John Howard (Australia)
• President Fernando Affonso Collor de Mello (Brazil)
• President Deez Nutz (Brazil)
• President Fernando Henrique Cardoso (Brazil)
• President Zhelyu Zhelev (Bulgaria)
• President Petar Stoyanov (Bulgaria)
• Prime Minister Brian Mulroney (Canada)
• Prime Minister Kim Campbell (Canada)
• Prime Minister Jean Chrétien (Canada)
• "Paramount Leader" Deng Xiaoping (People's Republic of China)
• President Jiang Zemin (People's Republic of China)
• President Lee Teng-hui (Republic of China (Taiwan)
• President Franjo Tudman (Croatia)
• President Václav Havel (Czechoslovakia and (Czech Republic after the breakup of Czechoslovakia))
• Prime Minister Poul Nyrup Rasmussen (Denmark)
• President Hosni Mubarak (Egypt)
• President François Mitterrand (France)
• President Jacques Chirac (France)
• Chancellor Helmut Kohl (Germany)
• Chancellor Gerhard Schröder (Germany)
• Governor David Clive Wilson (Hong Kong (under British rule))
• Governor Christopher Francis Patten (Hong Kong (under British rule))
• Chief Executive Tung Chee Hwa (Hong Kong, People's Republic of China)
• Prime Minister Vishwanath Pratap Singh (India)
• Prime Minister Chandra Shekhar (India)
• Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao (India)
• Prime Minister H. D. Deve Gowda (India)
• Prime Minister Inder Kumar Gujral (India)
• Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee (India)
• President Mohammad Khatami (Iran)
• President Saddam Hussein (Iraq)
• Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir (Israel)
• Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin (Israel)
• Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu (Israel)
• Emperor Akihito (Japan)
• Governor Vasco Joaquim Rocha Vieira (Macau (under Portuguese rule))
• Chief Executive Edmund Ho (Macau, People's Republic of China)
• President Carlos Salinas (Mexico)
• President Ernesto Zedillo (Mexico)
• President Yasser Arafat (Palestinian Authority)
• Pope John Paul II (Vatican City)
• President Corazon Aquino (Philippines)
• President Fidel Ramos (Philippines)
• President Joseph Estrada (Philippines)
• President Lech Wa?e;sa (Poland)
• President Aleksander Kwas'niewski (Poland)
• Prime Minister Ruud Lubbers (Netherlands)
• Prime Minister Wim Kok (Netherlands)
• Prime Minister Mike Moore (New Zealand)
• Prime Minister Jim Bolger (New Zealand)
• Prime Minister Jenny Shipley (New Zealand)
• Prime Minister Helen Clark (New Zealand)
• President Ion Iliescu (Romania)
• President Emil Constantinescu (Romania)
• President Boris Yeltsin (Russia)
• Taoiseach Charles Haughey (Republic of Ireland)
• Taoiseach Albert Reynolds (Republic of Ireland)
• Taoiseach John Bruton (Republic of Ireland)
• Taoiseach Bertie Ahern (Republic of Ireland)
• President Boris Yeltsin (Russia)
• President Wee Kim Wee (Singapore)
• President Ong Teng Cheong (Singapore)
• President Sellapan Ramanathan (Singapore)
• President Frederik Willem de Klerk (South Africa)
• President Nelson Mandela (South Africa)
• President Kim Dae-jung (South Korea)
• President Mikhail Gorbachev (Soviet Union)
• King Juan Carlos I (Spain)
• President Felipe González (Spain)
• President José María Aznar (Spain)
• President Hafez al-Assad (Syria)
• President Turgut Özal (Turkey)
• President Süleyman Demirel (Turkey)
• Prime Minister Tansu Çiller (Turkey)
• Queen Elizabeth II (United Kingdom et al.)
• Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher (United Kingdom)
• Prime Minister John Major (United Kingdom)
• Prime Minister Tony Blair (United Kingdom)
• President George H.W. Bush (United States)
• President Bill Clinton (United States)
• President Slobodan Miloševic' (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia)

Entertainers

• 2Pac (2pacalypse Now, Me against the world, All Eyez on Me, Until The End Of Time, Loyal To The Game)
• Aaliyah
• Paula Abdul
• Ace of Base
• Adam Sandler (Billy Madison, Happy Gilmore, The Wedding Singer, Big Daddy)
• Aerosmith (Get a Grip, Big Ones, Nine Lives, I Don't Want to Miss a Thing, Wayne's World 2)
• Alice in Chains (Jar of Flies, Dirt, Alice in Chains)
• Alanis Morissette (Jagged Little Pill)
• Alicia Silverstone (Clueless, Batman & Robin, The Crush, Aerosmith music videos)
• All Saints, (All Saints)
• Annie Lennox
• Anthony Hopkins (The Silence of the Lambs, Titus)
• At the Drive-In
• Aqua
• Ashley Judd
• Backstreet Boys
• Beavis and Butt-Head
• Beck
• Ben Affleck (Good Will Hunting)
• The Notorious B.I.G. (Ready 2 Die, Life After Death, Born Again)
• Bill Hicks
• Billy Bob Thornton
• Blind Melon (Blind Melon)
• Bon Jovi (Blaze of Glory, Keep the Faith, Cross Road, These Days)
• Bone Thugs-N-Harmony
• Boyz II Men
• Brad Pitt
• Brandy
• Bret Hart
• Britney Spears (...Baby One More Time)
• Bruce Willis (Die Hard 2: Die Harder, Pulp Fiction, Die Hard With a Vengeance, Armageddon, The Sixth Sense)
• Bush
• Björk
• Dean Cain
• Mariah Carey
• Dana Carvey (Wayne's World)
• David Duchovny (The X-Files)
• Celine Dion
• Christina Ricci
• Christina Aguilera
• Chloe Sevigny (Kids, Boys Don't Cry)
• Cuba Gooding Jr (Boyz N the Hood, Jerry Maguire)
• Amy Grant
• Dave Matthews Band
• Demi Moore (Ghost, Striptease, A Few Good Men)
• Depeche Mode (Violator, Songs of Faith and Devotion)
• Denzel Washington (Malcolm X, Mo' Better Blues, ''Philadelphia'')
• Destiny's Child (Destiny's Child, The Writing's On The Wall)
• Dio
• Dr. Dre
• Duran Duran (Liberty,Duran Duran (The Wedding Album),Thank You,Medazzaland)
• Ellen DeGeneres (Ellen)
• Elizabeth Berkley (Saved by the Bell, Showgirls)
• Freddie Mercury
• Friends
  • Courteney Cox
  • Jennifer Aniston
  • Lisa Kudrow
  • Matt LeBlanc
  • Matthew Perry
  • David Schwimmer
• The Fugees
• Garth Brooks
• George Strait
• Gillian Anderson (The X-Files)
• Green Day (Dookie, Nimrod)
• Guns N' Roses (Use Your Illusion I and II)
• Gwyneth Paltrow (Shakespeare in Love, The Talented Mr. Ripley, Se7en)
• Liam Gallagher of Oasis
• Noel Gallagher of Oasis
• Teri Hatcher
• Whitney Houston (The Bodyguard, Waiting to Exhale)
• Halle Berry (Introducing Dorothy Dandridge,Bullworth)
• Hanson
• Harrison Ford
• Helen Hunt (Mad About You, Twister, As Good as It Gets)
• Hilary Swank (Boys Don't Cry)
• Hootie & The Blowfish
• Howard Stern
• Hulk Hogan
• INXS (X, Welcome to Wherever You Are)
• Janet Jackson (Janet.)
• Jack Nicholson
• James Van Der Beek (Dawson's Creek)
• Jamiroquai (Emergency on Planet Earth, The Return of the Space Cowboy, Travelling Without Moving, Synkronized)
• Jay-Z
• Jerry Seinfeld (Seinfeld)
• Jerry Springer
• Jewel
• Jim Carrey (Ace Ventura: Pet Detective, The Mask)
• Jim Norton (Opie and Anthony Show)
• Joshua Jackson (Dawson's Creek)
• Julia Roberts (Pretty Woman, My Best Friend's Wedding)
• Kate Winslet (Titanic, Heavenly Creatures)
• Katie Holmes (Dawson's Creek)
• Keanu Reeves (The Matrix)
• Keri Russell (Felicity)
• Kerr Smith (Dawson's Creek)
• Kurt Cobain
• Leonardo DiCaprio (Titanic)
• Liam Neeson (Schindler's List, Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace)
• Macaulay Culkin (Home Alone)
• Madonna (The Immaculate Collection, I'm Breathless, Erotica, Bedtime Stories, Something to Remember, Evita, Ray of Light)
• Marilyn Manson
• Martin Lawrence (House Party, Martin, Bad Boys)
• Mary J Blige (What's the 411?)
• Matt Damon (Good Will Hunting)
• Meg Ryan
• Mel Gibson (Braveheart)
• Melissa Etheridge (Come To My Window, I'm the Only One, I Want To Come Over)
• Meredith Monroe (Dawson's Creek)
• Metallica (Metallica, Load, and ReLoad)
• Michael Jackson (Dangerous, HIStory)
• Michael Keaton
• Michelle Pfeiffer (The Age of Innocence, Batman Returns)
• Michelle Williams (Dawson's Creek)
• Mick Foley
• The Mighty Mighty Bosstones (Let's Face It)
• Mike Myers (Wayne's World, Saturday Night Live, '' Austin Powers'')
• Mira Sorvino
• Monica (singer)
• Natalie Portman (Léon, Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace)
• Neve Campbell
• Nicole Kidman (My Life, Eyes Wide Shut)
• No Doubt (Tragic Kingdom)
• Notorious B.I.G.
• Nirvana (Nevermind, In Utero)
• Nine Inch Nails
• Nsync
• Oasis
• Oprah Winfrey
• Ozzy Osbourne (No More Tears, Ozzmosis)
• Pamela Anderson (Baywatch)
• Pearl Jam (Ten, Vs., Vitalogy, No Code)
• Phil Collins
• "" The artist formerly known as Prince
• Queen Latifah (Living Single, Set It Off)
• Quentin Tarantino (Pulp Fiction)
• Radiohead
• R.E.M.
• Rage Against the Machine
• Ralph Fiennes (Schindler's List, The English Patient)
• Red Hot Chili Peppers (Blood Sugar Sex Magik, One Hot Minute, Californication)
• Reel Big Fish (Turn the Radio Off, Everything Sucks)
• Rob Zombie
• Robbie Williams
• The Rock
• Roxette
• RuPaul
• Jeri Ryan (Star Trek: Voyager)
• Samuel L. Jackson (Goodfellas, Pulp Fiction)
• Sandra Bullock (Speed, A Time to Kill)
• Savage Garden
• Selena
• Shawn Michaels
• Shania Twain
• Seal
• Slipknot
• Snoop Doggy Dogg
• Soundgarden
• Spice Girls (Spice) & (Spiceworld)
• Steven Spielberg
• Stone Cold Steve Austin
• Sublime (Sublime, 40 Oz. to Freedom)( Robbin' the Hood
• Switchfoot
• System of a Down (System of a Down)
• Take That
• Tarkan (Turkish Pop Singer)
• Tha Realest
• The Prodigy
• Tim Burton (Edward Scissorhands, Batman Returns)
• Tiffani-Amber Thiessen (Saved by the Bell,Beverly Hills 90210 )
• TLC (Lisa "Left-Eye" Lopes, T-Boz, Rozonda "Chilli" Thomas)
• Tom Cruise (Jerry Maguire, Mission Impossible)
• Tom Hanks (Forrest Gump, Saving Private Ryan, ''Philadelphia'', Toy Story, The Green Mile)
• Toni Braxton (Toni Braxton (album))
• Tori Amos
• Trent Reznor
• U2 (Achtung Baby)
• Uma Thurman (Pulp Fiction)
• The Undertaker
• Usher Raymond (My Way)
• Van Halen (For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge, Balance)
• Vengaboys
• Weezer
• Wesley Willis
• Whoopi Goldberg (Sister Act, Ghost, Ghosts of Mississippi, Hollywood Squares)
• White Zombie
• Will & Grace
  • Eric McCormack
  • Debra Messing
  • Sean Hayes
  • Megan Mullally
• Will Smith (The Fresh Prince of Bel Air, Bad Boys, Independence Day, Men in Black)
• Winona Ryder
• Whigfield (Whigfield)
• Yanni

Films

This posters for films are that which won the Academy Award for Best Picture in the 1990s. See also: 1990s in film

Books and literature

See also:

• Mao II, by Don DeLillo
• Underworld, by Don DeLillo
• The Bridges of Madison County, by Robert James Waller
• Chicken Soup for the Soul, by Jack Canfield and Mark Victor Hansen
• The Client, by John Grisham
• Cold Mountain, by Charles Frazier
• Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood , by Rebecca Wells
• The Firm, by John Grisham
• The Greatest Generation, by Tom Brokaw
• A Game of Thrones, by George R. R. Martin
• A Clash of Kings, by George R. R. Martin
• Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, by J. K. Rowling
• Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, by J. K. Rowling
• Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, by J. K. Rowling
• How to Make an American Quilt, by Whitney Otto
• Jazz, by Toni Morrison
• Men Are From Mars, Women Are From Venus, by John Gray
• The Perfect Storm, by Sebastian Junger
• The Way Things Ought to Be, by Rush Limbaugh
• The Sum of All Fears, by Tom Clancy
• High Fidelity, by Nick Hornby
• Goosebumps, by R. L. Stine
• The Relic, by Douglas Preston and Lincoln Child
• Angela's Ashes, by Frank McCourt

Sports figures

See also:

Troy Aikman Jerome Bettis Terrell Davis John Elway Brett Favre Doug Flutie Michael Irvin Jim Kelly Dan Marino Joe Montana Scott Norwood Junior Seau Jerry Rice Bruce Smith Emmitt Smith Barry Sanders Deion Sanders Derrick Thomas Reggie White Steve Young

Sergey Bubka Linford Christie Haile Gebrselassie Hicham El Guerrouj Michael Johnson

Tony Lockett

Rick Aguilera Roberto Alomar Jeff Bagwell Barry Bonds Joe Carter Will Clark Steve Finley John Franco Roger Clemens Andres Galarraga Tom Glavine Rickey Henderson Tom Henke Trevor Hoffman Derek Jeter Randy Johnson Chipper Jones Wally Joyner Barry Larkin Kenny Lofton Greg Maddux Mark McGwire Tony Gwynn Paul O'Neill John Olerud Rafael Palmeiro Mike Piazza Cal Ripken, Jr. Mariano Rivera Sammy Sosa Randy Johnson Ken Griffey, Jr. Robin Ventura Omar Vizquel Larry Walker John Wetteland Bernie Williams Pedro Martinez Nomar Garciaparra

Reggie Miller Charles Barkley Larry Bird Kobe Bryant Tim Duncan Patrick Ewing Kevin Garnett Allen Iverson Magic Johnson Michael Jordan Hakeem Olajuwon Karl Malone Shaquille O'Neal Clyde Drexler Scottie Pippen David Robinson Dennis Rodman John Stockton

Oscar de la Hoya Julio César Chávez George Foreman Evander Holyfield Mike Tyson Roy Jones Jr. Lennox Lewis James Toney Pernell Whitaker

Curtly Ambrose Allan Donald Ian Healy Brian Lara Glenn McGrath Muttiah Muralitharan Sachin Tendulkar Courtney Walsh Alec Stewart Shane Warne Steve Waugh Wasim Akram Waqar Younis

Marco Pantani Lance Armstrong Miguel Indurain

Roberto Baggio Franco Baresi David Beckham Dennis Bergkamp Didier Deschamps Marcel Desailly Jorge Campos Eric Cantona Luís Figo Robbie Fowler Paul Gascoigne Ryan Giggs Gheorghe Hagi Fernando Hierro Oliver Kahn Roy Keane Jürgen Klinsmann Jari Litmanen Paolo Maldini Steve McManaman Rivaldo Ronaldo Romario Manuel Rui Costa David Seaman Peter Schmeichel Alan Shearer Hristo Stoichkov Davor Suker Taffarel George Weah Zinedine Zidane

Tiger Woods Nick Faldo Payne Stewart

Wayne Gretzky Mario Lemieux Pavel Bure Rob Ray Dominik Hasek Pat Lafontaine Eric Lindros Sergei Fedorov Jaromir Jagr Patrick Roy Mark Messier Jeremy Roenick Doug Gilmour Chris Chelios

Dale Earnhardt Jeff Gordon Tommi Mäkinen Colin McRae Michael Schumacher Ayrton Senna Jacques Villeneuve Mika Häkkinen Peter Brock Larry Perkins

Shawn Michaels Stone Cold Steve Austin Ultimate Warrior Sting Triple H British Bulldog Mick Foley Bill Goldberg The Rock Kevin Nash Scott Hall Ric Flair Bret Hart Hulk Hogan DX New World Order

Steve Redgrave Matthew Pinsent

Jonah Lomu John Eales Francois Pienaar Ben Tune Christian Cullen Waisale Serevi Abdelatif Benazzi Lawrence Dallaglio Rob Andrew Neil Jenkins Gavin Hastings Matt Burke Tim Horan Jason Little Toutai Kefu Jason Leonard Neil Back Andrew Mehrtens Scott Quinnell Keith Wood Pat Lam Brian Lima Jeff Wilson Serge Betsen Bobby Skinstad Fabien Galthie Fabien Pelous Olivier Magne Josh Kronfeld Zinzan Brooke Os Du Randt Dan Lyle Patricio Noriega

Andrew Johns Brad Fittler Andrew Farrell Ellery Hanley

Michelle Kwan Nancy Kerrigan Oksana Baiul

Alberto Tomba Picabo Street

Bjørn Dæhlie

Summer Sanders Jenny Thompson

Andre Agassi Pete Sampras Yevgeny Kafelnikov Tim Henman Jennifer Capriati Steffi Graf Gabriela Sabatini Martina Hingis Anna Kournikova Monica Seleš Serena Williams Venus Williams

See also

• 1990s music groups
• Generation X
• 20th Century
• 21st Century

External links

• 1990s Flashback 1990–1999
• The 1990s Week-By-Week
• 90sxchange.com
• 90s memories and memorabilia
• Crazyfads.com — 1990s fads

• VH1's I Love The 90s
• VH1's I Love The 90s Part Deux
• WWW-VL: US History: 1990s History

(1)990 nî-tāi

Contents

• Technology
• World-changing events
• Science
• War, peace, and politics
• Economics
• Culture
• Trends/various
• Music
• Television
• Computer and video games
• Popular video games of the 1990s
• Internet
• Significant events
• Other significant events
• People
• World leaders
• Entertainers
• Films
• Books and literature
• Sports figures
• See also
• External links